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= Termini = |
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* IC - Integrated Circuit - mikroshēma. |
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* FPGA - Field Programmable Gate Array - Konfigurējams loģisko un citu elementu čips, "lego" kluči digitālai elektronikai. |
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* EDA - Dizaina plūsma: Electronic Design Automation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_flow_(EDA) (wikipedia)] |
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* RTL - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register-transfer_level Register-Transfer Level] - dizaina abstrakcija, kurā dati plūst starp reģistriem. |
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDSII GDSII] - Binārs datubāzes falia formāts IC dizaina apmaiņai industrijā. |
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= Resursi = |
= Resursi = |
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* [http://www.xilinx.com Xilinx kompānijas (FPGA ražotājs) portāls] |
* [http://www.xilinx.com Xilinx kompānijas (FPGA ražotājs) portāls] |
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* [http://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/data_sheets/ds312.pdf Spartan 3E FPGA Family datasheet] |
<!-- * [http://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/data_sheets/ds312.pdf Spartan 3E FPGA Family datasheet] --> |
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* [https://datasheetspdf.com/pdf-file/1409860/Xilinx/XC3S500E/1 Spartan 3E FPGA Family datasheet] |
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* [https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/data_sheets/ds160.pdf Spartan-6 FPGA Family datasheet] |
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* [https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/application_notes/xapp462.pdf Using Digital Clock Managers (DCMs) in Spartan-3 FPGAs] |
* [https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/application_notes/xapp462.pdf Using Digital Clock Managers (DCMs) in Spartan-3 FPGAs] |
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DiLab ir pieejami sekojoši Xilinx (Digilent) attīstītajrīki: |
DiLab ir pieejami sekojoši Xilinx (Digilent) attīstītajrīki: |
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* '''[https://reference.digilentinc.com/reference/programmable-logic/anvyl/start ANVYL]''' |
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* Spartan-3E |
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** Anvyl Reference Manual: [https://reference.digilentinc.com/_media/reference/programmable-logic/anvyl/anvyl_rm.pdf (PDF)] [https://digilent.com/reference/programmable-logic/anvyl/reference-manual (Website)] |
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** [[ANVYL programmēšana]] - Pamācība, kā uzlādēt dizainu uz Anvyl dēļa |
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** [https://github.com/elomage/FPGA-resources/tree/main/ucf_templates UCF file templates]. |
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* '''[http://www.pynq.io/ PYNQ]''' [https://reference.digilentinc.com/reference/programmable-logic/pynq-z1/start -Z1] |
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** [https://www.digikey.com/en/articles/techzone/2019/apr/build-and-program-fpga-based-designs-quickly-python-jupyter-notebooks Build and Program FPGA-Based Designs Quickly with Python and Jupyter Notebooks] - with Zynq (PYNQ) |
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* '''[https://reference.digilentinc.com/reference/programmable-logic/spartan-3e/start Spartan-3E]''' |
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** [http://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/boards_and_kits/ug230.pdf Xilinx Spartan-3E FPGA Starter Kit Board User Guide] PDF 7.34MB |
** [http://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/boards_and_kits/ug230.pdf Xilinx Spartan-3E FPGA Starter Kit Board User Guide] PDF 7.34MB |
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** [http://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx12_2/spartan3e_scm.pdf Spartan-3E Libraries Guide for Schematic Designs] PDF 9.19MB |
** [http://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx12_2/spartan3e_scm.pdf Spartan-3E Libraries Guide for Schematic Designs] PDF 9.19MB |
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** [http://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx12_2/spartan3e_hdl.pdf Spartan-3E Libraries Guide for HDL Designs] PDF 3.94MB |
** [http://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx12_2/spartan3e_hdl.pdf Spartan-3E Libraries Guide for HDL Designs] PDF 3.94MB |
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** [https://github.com/elomage/FPGA-resources/tree/main/ucf_templates UCF file templates]. |
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** [https://reference.digilentinc.com/reference/programmable-logic/spartan-3e/start Spartan 3E rīka ražotāja references lapa] |
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* [http://www.xilinx.com/products/boards/s3e1600e/reference_designs.htm Spartan-1600e] |
* [http://www.xilinx.com/products/boards/s3e1600e/reference_designs.htm Spartan-1600e] |
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* [http://www.xilinx.com/univ/xupv2p.html |
* [https://reference.digilentinc.com/reference/programmable-logic/virtex-ii-pro/start XUP V2P], no [http://www.xilinx.com/univ/xupv2p.html Xilinx University Program] |
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* [https://www.digikey.com/en/articles/techzone/2019/apr/build-and-program-fpga-based-designs-quickly-python-jupyter-notebooks Build and Program FPGA-Based Designs Quickly with Python and Jupyter Notebooks] - with Zynq (PYNQ) |
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==== PMOD papildus moduļi ==== |
==== PMOD papildus moduļi ==== |
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Mums ir pieejami |
Mums ir pieejami dažādi [https://reference.digilentinc.com/reference/pmod/start PMOD perifērijas iekārtu moduļi] (pārsvarā 1x6 formātā) par kuriem sīkāk var lasīt [https://store.digilentinc.com/pmod-expansion-modules/by-form-factor/1x6/ Digilentic portālā]. |
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* ADC modulis [https://store.digilentinc.com/pmod-ad1-two-12-bit-a-d-inputs/ PmodAD1 PB200064] |
* ADC modulis [https://store.digilentinc.com/pmod-ad1-two-12-bit-a-d-inputs/ PmodAD1 PB200064] |
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* DAC modulis: [https://store.digilentinc.com/pmod-da2-two-12-bit-d-a-outputs/ PmodDA2 PB200-113] |
* DAC modulis: [https://store.digilentinc.com/pmod-da2-two-12-bit-d-a-outputs/ PmodDA2 PB200-113] |
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* Skaļrunis ar 3.5mm konektoru: [https://store.digilentinc.com/speaker/ SPEAKER] |
* Skaļrunis ar 3.5mm konektoru: [https://store.digilentinc.com/speaker/ SPEAKER] |
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* Konektors vadiem [https://reference.digilentinc.com/reference/pmod/pmodcon1/start PmodCON1] |
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=== Xilinx ISE WebPACK (14.7) === |
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* Rotējošais enkoderis [https://reference.digilentinc.com/reference/pmod/pmodenc/start PmodENC] |
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* USB saskarne [https://reference.digilentinc.com/reference/pmod/pmodusbuart/start PmodUSBUART] |
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* Ultraskaņas distances mērītājs [https://reference.digilentinc.com/reference/pmod/pmodmaxsonar/start PmodMAXSONAR] |
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* Audio DAC SPI [https://reference.digilentinc.com/reference/pmod/pmodmic3/start PmodMIC3] |
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=== Xilinx ISE instalācija === |
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Xilinx ISE Webpack versija 14.7 (Windows 7, nevis Windows 10) ir pēdējā versija, kas vēl atbalsta Spartan 3E FPGA. |
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==== Xilinx ISE WebPACK (14.7) ==== |
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* [[ISE 14.7 instalācija]] |
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To iespējams lejuplādēt no [https://www.xilinx.com/support/download/index.html/content/xilinx/en/downloadNav/vivado-design-tools/archive-ise.html Xilinx arhīva web portāla], kurā nepieciešams šim nolūkam izveidot kontu. |
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<!-- |
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* [[ISE WebPACK 14.7 USB driver]] instalācija |
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==== Xilinx ISE WebPACK (12.2) ==== |
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Papildus: |
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* [https://www.xilinx.com/support/answers/59128.html Digilent driver installation] (no Xilinx portāla) |
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* [http://dreamrunner.org/blog/2012/09/12/install-xilinx-ise-on-the-ubuntu/ Install Xilinx ISE on Ubuntu] (learn&think) |
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* [https://www.george-smart.co.uk/fpga/xilinx_jtag_linux/ Install Linux ISE] (George Smart) |
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=== Xilinx ISE WebPACK (12.2) === |
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* [https://secure.xilinx.com/webreg/register.do?group=dlc&htmlfile=&emailFile=&cancellink=&eFrom=&eSubject=&version=12.2&akdm=1&filename=Xilinx_ISE_DS_Lin_12.2_M.63c.1.1.tar Installer for Linux] TAR/GZ 3.02GB (nepieciešams reģistrēties www.xilinx.com) |
* [https://secure.xilinx.com/webreg/register.do?group=dlc&htmlfile=&emailFile=&cancellink=&eFrom=&eSubject=&version=12.2&akdm=1&filename=Xilinx_ISE_DS_Lin_12.2_M.63c.1.1.tar Installer for Linux] TAR/GZ 3.02GB (nepieciešams reģistrēties www.xilinx.com) |
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* [http://rmdir.de/~michael/xilinx/ Xilinx JTAG tools on Linux without proprietary kernel modules] |
* [http://rmdir.de/~michael/xilinx/ Xilinx JTAG tools on Linux without proprietary kernel modules] |
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* [http://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx12_2/ise_tutorial_ug695.pdf ISE In-Depth Tutorial] PDF 5.04MB |
* [http://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx12_2/ise_tutorial_ug695.pdf ISE In-Depth Tutorial] (ver.12.2) PDF 5.04MB |
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* [http://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx12_2/plugin_ism.pdf ISim User Guide] (ver.12.2) PDF 1.96MB |
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< --> |
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=== Xilinx ISE lietošana === |
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* [https://github.com/elomage/FPGA-resources/tree/main/ucf_templates UCF failu šabloni] FPGA platformām. |
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==== Vispārīga lietošana ==== |
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* [http://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx14_7/ise_tutorial_ug695.pdf ISE In-Depth Tutorial] (ver.14.7) PDF |
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* [https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation-navigation/development-tools/hardware-development/ISE-design-suite.html?preSelect=documenttype:SeeAll#documentation Xilinx ISE dokumentācija] - dažādi dokumenti |
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==== Simulācija ar ISim ==== |
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9iQfqhUfAcE Kā lietot iSim] (video, Leo Seļāvo) |
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* [http://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx14_7/plugin_ism.pdf ISim User Guide] (ver.14.7) PDF 1.96MB |
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* [https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx14_7/ug682.pdf ISim in-depth Tutorial] PDF |
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<!-- * [https://youtu.be/hPYsQE0-1kQ Simulācija ar ISim] - pamācības video, Colin O'Flynn. --> |
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==== Simulācija ar ModelSim ==== |
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* [http://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx12_2/plugin_ism.pdf ISim User Guide] PDF 1.96MB |
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* [https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx14_7/ise_tutorial_ug695.pdf Xilinx ISE In-Depth Tutorial] - PDF |
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* [https://www.cis.upenn.edu/~milom/cis371-Spring13/lab/simulation/ Pamācība no Pensilvānijas Universitātes] |
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* [https://youtu.be/DgRrATFd3jc How to do a Timing Simulation using Modelsim and Xilinx ISE] - video pamācība |
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=== Video applications using FPGA === |
=== Video applications using FPGA === |
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[https://store.digilentinc.com/anvyl-spartan-6-fpga-trainer-board/ ANVYL] |
[https://store.digilentinc.com/anvyl-spartan-6-fpga-trainer-board/ ANVYL] |
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ir Xilinx Spartan 6G FPGA bāzēts attīstītājrīks ar dažādām papildus un perifērijas iekārtām. |
ir Xilinx Spartan 6G FPGA bāzēts attīstītājrīks ar dažādām papildus un perifērijas iekārtām. |
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* [[ANVYL programmēšana]] - kā uzlādēt dizainu uz Anvyl dēļa |
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* [https://youtu.be/9iQfqhUfAcE Video ar Anvyl programmēšanas piemēru] |
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== PYNQ ietvars == |
== PYNQ ietvars == |
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* [https://github.com/drichmond/RISC-V-On-PYNQ RISC-V on PYNQ] |
* [https://github.com/drichmond/RISC-V-On-PYNQ RISC-V on PYNQ] |
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PYNK un PMOD |
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== HDL tutorials == |
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* [https://pynq.readthedocs.io/en/v2.0/pynq_libraries/pmod.html Par PMOD un PYNQ] |
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== HDL pamācības (Verilog, VHDL) == |
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<!-- (unavailable) * [http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/cs141/resources/verilog-tutorial.pdf Verilog Tutorial I (10 pages)] PDF 69.58KB --> |
<!-- (unavailable) * [http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/cs141/resources/verilog-tutorial.pdf Verilog Tutorial I (10 pages)] PDF 69.58KB --> |
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** [http://www.asic-world.com/verilog/veritut.html by asic-world, online version] |
** [http://www.asic-world.com/verilog/veritut.html by asic-world, online version] |
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** [https://www.nandland.com/verilog/tutorials/tutorial-introduction-to-verilog-for-beginners.html by NANDLand.com] |
** [https://www.nandland.com/verilog/tutorials/tutorial-introduction-to-verilog-for-beginners.html by NANDLand.com] |
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** [https://www.asic-world.com/tidbits/verilog_fsm.html FSM pamācība] no asic-world.com |
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* '''VHDL Tutorials''' |
* '''VHDL Tutorials''' |
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** [http://www.gmvhdl.com/VHDL.html VHDL Tutorial I (15 pages)] |
** [http://www.gmvhdl.com/VHDL.html VHDL Tutorial I (15 pages)] |
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** [http://lslwww.epfl.ch/pages/teaching/cours_lsl/sl_info/vhdl-tutorial.pdf VHDL Tutorial II (84 pages)] PDF 391.95KB |
** [http://lslwww.epfl.ch/pages/teaching/cours_lsl/sl_info/vhdl-tutorial.pdf VHDL Tutorial II (84 pages)] PDF 391.95KB |
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* Debouncing |
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** [https://www.fpga4student.com/2017/04/simple-debouncing-verilog-code-for.html Verilog code for debouncing buttons on FPGA] |
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== RISC-V == |
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* [https://riscv.org/technical/specifications/ Specifications] |
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* [https://github.com/riscv-non-isa/riscv-asm-manual/blob/master/riscv-asm.md Getting started] - Assembly manual |
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* [https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/teaching/1617/ECAD+Arch/files/docs/RISCVGreenCardv8-20151013.pdf Green card] |
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* [https://five-embeddev.com/riscv-isa-manual/latest/instr-table.html RISC-V Instruction Set Manual] from five-embeddev.com |
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* [https://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs3410/2019sp/riscv/interpreter/ RISC-V Interpretators online] |
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* [https://riscvasm.lucasteske.dev/# RISC-V Online Assembler] |
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== Seriālie protokoli == |
== Seriālie protokoli == |
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** [https://www.rfwireless-world.com/Tutorials/1-wire-protocol-basics.html 1-wire protocol basics] at rfwireless-world.com |
** [https://www.rfwireless-world.com/Tutorials/1-wire-protocol-basics.html 1-wire protocol basics] at rfwireless-world.com |
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** [https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/design/technical-documents/tutorials/1/1796.html Guide to 1-wire devices] at Maxim-IC |
** [https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/design/technical-documents/tutorials/1/1796.html Guide to 1-wire devices] at Maxim-IC |
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* USB |
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** [https://www.cypress.com/file/134171/download Specifikācija] - Infineon / Cypress. |
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== IP cores priekš FPGA == |
== IP cores priekš FPGA == |
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== Ieteikumi prezentāciju veidošanā == |
== Ieteikumi prezentāciju veidošanā == |
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[http://andromeda.df.lu.lv/wiki/index.php/LU::poster-howto Piezīmes par plakātu un prezentāciju veidošanu] |
[http://andromeda.df.lu.lv/wiki/index.php/LU::poster-howto Piezīmes par plakātu un prezentāciju veidošanu] |
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== Atsauksmes par kursu == |
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* DIP 2012-1-m: [http://bit.ly/MVbhuZ] [http://bit.ly/Lvsur2] [http://bit.ly/MX4Upj] |
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== Citi kursi un saites == |
== Citi kursi un saites == |
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* [http://www.ecs.umass.edu/ece/koren/architecture/ Computer architecture education tools] at UMass |
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* [https://8bitworkshop.com/ 8 Bit Workshop] - aparatūras simulators pārlūkā, tai skaitā Verilog. |
* [https://8bitworkshop.com/ 8 Bit Workshop] - aparatūras simulators pārlūkā, tai skaitā Verilog. |
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* [https://www.acm.org/hennessy-patterson-turing-lecture 2017 ACM A.M. Turing Award recipients John Hennessy and David Patterson delivered the Turing Lecture on June 4 at ISCA 2018] |
* [https://www.acm.org/hennessy-patterson-turing-lecture 2017 ACM A.M. Turing Award recipients John Hennessy and David Patterson delivered the Turing Lecture on June 4 at ISCA 2018] |
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* [https://youtu.be/TPbroUDHG0s Spēļu programmēšana 8 bitu arhitektūrā] |
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* [https://youtu.be/V9xUQWo4vN0 Tranzistors] - 1953.gada dokumentālā filma |
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== FPGA pielietojumi == |
== FPGA pielietojumi == |
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* [http://www.wired.com/2014/06/microsoft-fpga/ Microsoft Supercharges Bing Search With Programmable Chips] |
* [http://www.wired.com/2014/06/microsoft-fpga/ Microsoft Supercharges Bing Search With Programmable Chips] |
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* [https://tang.sipeed.com/en/ Tang primer board] for RISC V |
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* [https://thedatabus.io/fpga-buying-guide FPGA buying guide] |
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Latest revision as of 10:28, 19 February 2026
Termini
- IC - Integrated Circuit - mikroshēma.
- FPGA - Field Programmable Gate Array - Konfigurējams loģisko un citu elementu čips, "lego" kluči digitālai elektronikai.
- EDA - Dizaina plūsma: Electronic Design Automation (wikipedia)
- RTL - Register-Transfer Level - dizaina abstrakcija, kurā dati plūst starp reģistriem.
- GDSII - Binārs datubāzes falia formāts IC dizaina apmaiņai industrijā.
Resursi
- Computer organization and design: the hardware/software interface
- Computer Organization & Design The Hardware/Software Interface, 2nd Edition PPT 5.89MB (lekciju slaidi no National Chiao Tung University)
- Computer Organization & Design The Hardware/Software Interface, 3nd Edition PPT 1.86MB (lekciju slaidi no National Chiao Tung University)
- FPGA-Based Prototyping Methodology Manual: Best practices in Design-for-Prototyping (FPMM) is a comprehensive and practical guide to using FPGAs as a platform for SoC development and verification.
- FPGA 101 - Making awesome stuff with FPGAs: Karsten Becker @ 30th Chaos Communication Congress [30c3] by the Chaos Computer Club
Digital design textbooks @ Digilent Inc.
- Introduction to Digital Design - Verilog Edition (PDF)
- Introduction to Digital Design - VHDL Edition (PDF)
- Real Digital - A hands-on approach to digital design
- Module 1: Introduction to Electronic Circuits PDF 465.54KB
- Module 2: Introduction to Digilent's Digital Design Circuit Boards PDF 65.94KB
- Module 3: Circuit Structure with an Introduction to CAD Tools PDF 247.60KB
- Module 4: Logic Minimization PDF 353.07KB
- Module 5: Introduction to VHDL PDF 197.37KB
- Module 6: Combinational Circuit Blocks PDF 244.46KB
- Module 7: Combinational Arithmetic Circuits PDF 361.00KB
- Module 8: Signal Propagation Delays PDF 126.77KB
- Module 9: Basic Memory Circuits PDF 232.41KB
- Module 10: The Structural Design of Sequential Circuits PDF 245.58KB
Saites
Xilinx produkti (FPGA čipi)
- Xilinx kompānijas (FPGA ražotājs) portāls
- Spartan 3E FPGA Family datasheet
- Spartan-6 FPGA Family datasheet
- Using Digital Clock Managers (DCMs) in Spartan-3 FPGAs
Xilinx attīstītajrīki
DiLab ir pieejami sekojoši Xilinx (Digilent) attīstītajrīki:
- ANVYL
- Anvyl Reference Manual: (PDF) (Website)
- ANVYL programmēšana - Pamācība, kā uzlādēt dizainu uz Anvyl dēļa
- UCF file templates.
PMOD papildus moduļi
Mums ir pieejami dažādi PMOD perifērijas iekārtu moduļi (pārsvarā 1x6 formātā) par kuriem sīkāk var lasīt Digilentic portālā.
- ADC modulis PmodAD1 PB200064
- DAC modulis: PmodDA2 PB200-113
- 3.5mm konektori ar pastiprinātāju: PmodAmp1
- RCA konektori: Pmod CON4 (CON1 RevB)
- BNC konektori: Pmod CON2 PB200066
- 7-segmentu LED x 2: PmodSSD
- Pmod LED x 4: PB200076
- Komutācijas modulis PTPH PB200-001
- Seriālā zibatmiņa: PmodSF
- Video signālu dekodera modulis VDEC1
- Pmod kabelis 6x1
- Skaļrunis ar 3.5mm konektoru: SPEAKER
- Konektors vadiem PmodCON1
- Rotējošais enkoderis PmodENC
- USB saskarne PmodUSBUART
- Ultraskaņas distances mērītājs PmodMAXSONAR
- Audio DAC SPI PmodMIC3
Xilinx ISE instalācija
Xilinx ISE WebPACK (14.7)
Xilinx ISE lietošana
- UCF failu šabloni FPGA platformām.
Vispārīga lietošana
- ISE In-Depth Tutorial (ver.14.7) PDF
- Xilinx ISE dokumentācija - dažādi dokumenti
Simulācija ar ISim
- Kā lietot iSim (video, Leo Seļāvo)
- ISim User Guide (ver.14.7) PDF 1.96MB
- ISim in-depth Tutorial PDF
Simulācija ar ModelSim
- Xilinx ISE In-Depth Tutorial - PDF
- Pamācība no Pensilvānijas Universitātes
- How to do a Timing Simulation using Modelsim and Xilinx ISE - video pamācība
Video applications using FPGA
ANVYL attīstītājrīks
ANVYL ir Xilinx Spartan 6G FPGA bāzēts attīstītājrīks ar dažādām papildus un perifērijas iekārtām.
- ANVYL programmēšana - kā uzlādēt dizainu uz Anvyl dēļa
- Video ar Anvyl programmēšanas piemēru
PYNQ ietvars
PYNQ ir ietvars kas iespējo FPGA aparatūras funkciju izmantošanu ar Python programmēšanas valodu. Atbalstītā aparatūra iekļauj ZYNQ.
PYNQ informācijas avoti:
PYNQ projekti
PYNK un PMOD
HDL pamācības (Verilog, VHDL)
- Verilog Tutorials
- handout by Peter Milder (15 pages).
- by asic-world (227 pages) PDF 876.25KB
- by asic-world, online version
- by NANDLand.com
- FSM pamācība no asic-world.com
- VHDL Tutorials
- VHDL Tutorial I (15 pages)
- VHDL Tutorial II (84 pages) PDF 391.95KB
- Debouncing
RISC-V
- Specifications
- Getting started - Assembly manual
- Green card
- RISC-V Instruction Set Manual from five-embeddev.com
- RISC-V Interpretators online
- RISC-V Online Assembler
Seriālie protokoli
- Asinhroni seriālais ports, RS232 un tml.
- SPI protokols
- SPI tutorial at Sparkfun
- I2C un 2-wire protokols
- I2C communication protocol at Circuit basics
- I2C Tutorial at Sparkfun
- One-wire protokols
- 1-wire protocol basics at rfwireless-world.com
- Guide to 1-wire devices at Maxim-IC
- USB
- Specifikācija - Infineon / Cypress.
IP cores priekš FPGA
- LatticeMicro 32 soft-procesors
Ieteikumi prezentāciju veidošanā
Piezīmes par plakātu un prezentāciju veidošanu
Citi kursi un saites
- 8 Bit Workshop - aparatūras simulators pārlūkā, tai skaitā Verilog.
- Circuitlab.com - vienkāršu shēmu testēšana interneta pārlūkā
- FPGA 4 fun! - FPGA informācija un projekti iesācējiem un ne tikai.
- Hades demonstration applets
- CPU Shack
- Why hardware development is hard by Dan Luu
- How a CPU is made (video)
- FPGA 101 - Making awesome stuff with FPGAs - FPGA 101 lekcija "30th Chaos Communication Congress (30c3) by the Chaos Computer Club (CCC)" konferencē.
- Intel: The Making of a Chip with 22nm/3D Transistors (video)
- Down to the silicon: how the Z80's registers are implemented
- MIT Introductory Digital Systems Lab (2008.g. MIT kurss)
- ASIC izmaksu kalkulators (Sigenics)
- HotMobile 2017 - Separated by Birth: Hidden Differences Between Seemingly-Identical Smartphone CPU's
Domu graudi
- Tranzistors - 1953.gada dokumentālā filma